TRIPRIM™
Trimethoprim BP 100 mg and 300 mg tablets
Presentation
Triprim tablets 100 mg: white, round, biconvex, uncoated tablets, scored and impressed WELLCOME 09A on one side, each containing 100 mg Trimethoprim BP.
Triprim tablets 300 mg: white, round, biconvex, uncoated tablets, scored and impressed WELLCOME Y3C on one side, each containing 300 mg Trimethoprim BP.
Uses
Actions
Trimethoprim reversibly inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme active in the folate metabolic pathway converting dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Depending on the experimental conditions the effect may be bactericidal or bacteriostatic.
Trimethoprim binds to plasmodial DHFR but less tightly than to the bacterial enzyme. Its affinity for mammalian DHFR is some 50,000 times less than for the corresponding bacterial enzyme.
The majority of common pathogenic bacteria are sensitive in vitro to trimethoprim at concentrations well below those reached in blood, tissue fluids and urine after the administration of recommended doses. These organisms include:
Gram Negative
Escherichia coli ; Haemophilus influenzae; Proteus mirabilis; Salmonella spp. (including S. typhi and S. paratyphi); Shigella spp.;Vibrio cholerae.
Gram Positive
Listeria monocytogenes ; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis and saprophyticus; Streptococcus faecalis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptococcus viridans.
Variable Sensitivity
Klebsiella / Enterobacter spp.; Proteus spp. (indole positive); Providencia spp.; Serratia marcescens; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Yersinia spp.
Relatively Insensitive
Brucella spp.; Clostridium spp.; Neisseria spp.
Organisms which are insensitive include
Bacteroides spp.; Lactobacillus spp.; Mycobacteria; Mycoplasmas; Pseudomonas spp.; Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Satisfactory sensitivity testing is achieved only with recommended media free from inhibitory substances especially thymidine and thymine.
Pharmacokinetics
After oral administration trimethoprim is rapidly and nearly completely absorbed. The presence of food does not appear to delay absorption. Peak levels in the blood occur between one and four hours after ingestion and the level attained is dose related. Effective levels persist in the blood for up to 24 hours after a therapeutic dose. Steady state levels in adults are reached after dosing for 2 to 3 days.
Trimethoprim is a weak base with a pKa of 7.3. It is lipophilic. Tissue levels of trimethoprim are generally higher than corresponding plasma levels, the lungs and kidneys showing especially high concentrations. Trimethoprim concentrations exceed those in plasma in the case of bile, prostatic fluid and tissue, saliva, sputum and vaginal secretions. Levels in the aqueous humor, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, middle ear fluid, synovial fluid and tissue (interstitial) fluid are adequate for antibacterial activity. Trimethoprim passes into amniotic fluid and foetal tissues reaching concentrations approximating those of maternal serum.
Approximately 50% of trimethoprim in the plasma is protein bound. The half life in man is in the range 8.6 to 17 hours in the presence of normal renal function. It is increased by a factor of 1.5 to 3 when the creatinine clearance is less than 10 ml/minute. There appears to be no significant difference in the elderly compared with young patients.
The principal route of excretion of trimethoprim is renal and approximately 50% of the dose is excreted in the urine within 24 hours as unchanged medicine. Several metabolites have been identified in urine. Urinary concentrations of trimethoprim vary widely. Within 2 hours of any therapeutic dose the concentrations achieved are greatly in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of most pathogenic bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections. High concentrations usually persist in the urine for 24 hours or more after a single dose. Even in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis levels of trimethoprim achieved in the urine exceed the MIC for most of the urinary tract pathogens.
Indications
Triprim Tablets are indicated:
- for the treatment of acute urinary tract infections;
- for long-term prophylaxis of recurrent, or suppression of chronic urinary tract infections following sterilisation of the urine.
Dosage And Administration
It may be preferable to take Triprim before retiring to bed with some food or drink which will minimise the possibility of gastro-intestinal disturbances.
Acute Urinary Tract Infections:
| Adults and children over 12 years | 300 mg once daily |
| Children aged 6 to 12 years | 150 mg once daily |
| Children aged 6 months to 5 years | 75 mg once daily |
| Children aged 6 weeks to 5 months | 40 mg once daily |
This dosage approximates to 6 mg/kg bodyweight/day.
Long-term Prophylaxis of Recurrent, or Suppression of Chronic Urinary Tract Infections following Sterilisation of the Urine
| Adults and children over 12 years | 100 mg once daily |
| Children aged 6 to 12 years | 50 mg once daily |
| Children aged 6 months to 5 years | 25 mg once daily |
This dosage approximates to 2 mg/kg bodyweight/day. Treatment may be continued for 3 to 12 months or more as appropriate.
Dosage Recommendations for Patients with Impaired Renal Function
When a patient is known to have a creatinine clearance below 15 to 20 ml/minute trimethoprim plasma levels should be monitored after approximately 3 days treatment. When clearance is below 10 ml/minute Triprim should not be administered unless plasma concentrations can be estimated regularly and haemodialysis facilities are available.
Contraindications
Triprim should not be given to patients with a history of trimethoprim hypersensitivity.
Patients with severely impaired renal function (creatinine clearance less than 10 ml/minute) should not be prescribed Triprim unless the plasma concentration of trimethoprim is monitored repeatedly during treatment.
Except in rare circumstances Triprim should not be given to patients with serious haematological disorders.
Warnings And Precautions
Triprim should be discontinued if a skin rash appears.
Regular monthly blood counts are advisable when Triprim is given for long periods since there exists a possibility of asymptomatic changes in haematological laboratory indices due to lack of available folate. These changes may be reversed by administration of folinic acid (5 to 10 mg/day) without interfering with the antibacterial activity of trimethoprim.
Exercise caution when treating patients with severe hepatic parenchymal damage as changes may occur in the absorption and metabolism of trimethoprim.
Particular care is always advisable when treating elderly patients because, as a group, they are more susceptible to adverse reactions and more likely to suffer serious effects as a result.
Special care should be exercised in treating elderly or suspected folate deficient patients; folate supplementation should be considered.
A folate supplement should also be considered when high doses of Triprim are administered intravenously (see INTERACTIONS).
Trimethoprim has been noted to impair phenylalanine metabolism but this is of no significance in phenylketonuric patients on appropriate dietary restriction.
The administration of Triprim to patients known or suspected to be at risk of acute porphyria should be avoided as trimethoprim has been associated with clinical exacerbation of porphyria.
Use During Pregnancy and Lactation
The safety of trimethoprim in human pregnancy has not been established.
At doses greatly in excess of the recommended human therapeutic dose trimethoprim has been reported to be teratogenic in rats with effects typical of a folate antagonist and preventable by administration of dietary folate. No significant medicine-related malformations have been demonstrated in rabbits but at doses approximately ten times in excess of the human therapeutic dose an increase in foetal deaths was noted.
Despite its excretion in breast milk the administration of Triprim to lactating women represents a negligible risk to the suckling infant.
Adverse Effects
Minor gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea with or without vomiting, glossitis or sore mouth have been reported.
Skin rashes, including fixed drug eruption, may occur but are usually mild.
Pruritis with or without an associated rash has been reported.
Although an effect on folate metabolism is possible, interference with haematopoiesis occurs rarely at the recommended dosage. If any such change is seen folinic acid should reverse the effect. Elderly patients may be more susceptible and a lower dosage may be advisable.
Aseptic meninigitis has been reported in association with the administration of trimethoprim. The condition was rapidly reversible on withdrawal of the medicine, but recurred in a number of cases on re-exposure to either trimethoprim or to trimethoprim-containing agents.
Allergic reactions including mild anaphylaxis have been reported rarely.
Interactions
Occasional reports suggest that patients receiving pyrimethamine as malarial prophylaxis at doses in excess of 25 mg weekly may develop megaloblastic anaemia should co-trimoxazole be prescribed concurrently. The same interaction is likely if trimethoprim be prescribed concurrently.
Trimethoprim may potentiate the anticoagulant activity of warfarin via stereo-selective inhibition of its metabolism. Careful control of the anticoagulant therapy during treatment with Triprim is advisable.
Trimethoprim prolongs the half life of phenytoin and if co-administered the prescriber should be alert for excessive phenytoin effect. Close monitoring of the patient's condition and serum phenytoin levels is advisable.
Concurrent use of rifampicin and trimethoprim results in a shortening of the plasma half life of trimethoprim after a period of about one week. This is not thought to be of clinical significance.
Reversible deterioration in renal function has been observed in patients treated with trimethoprim and cyclosporin following renal transplantation.
When trimethoprim is administered simultaneously with medicines that form cations at physiological pH, and are also partly excreted by active renal secretion (eg procainamide, amantadine), there is the possibility of competitive inhibition of this process which may lead to an increase in plasma concentration of one or both of the medicines.
Concomitant use of trimethoprim with digoxin has been shown to increase plasma digoxin levels in a proportion of elderly patients.
If Triprim is considered appropriate therapy in patients receiving other anti-folate medicines such as methotrexate, a folate supplement should be considered (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS).
Overdosage
Signs and Symptoms
The maximum tolerated dose in humans is unknown. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness and confusion are likely symptoms of overdosage.
Treatment
Stop therapy. If vomiting has not occurred induction of vomiting may be desirable. Gastric lavage may be useful though absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is normally very rapid and complete in approximately two hours. This may not be the case in gross overdosage.
Acidification of the urine will increase the elimination of trimethoprim. Calcium folinate (5 to 10 mg/day) will reverse any folate deficiency effect of trimethoprim on the bone marrow should this occur. General supportive measures are recommended.
Trimethoprim is dialysable by renal dialysis.
Pharmaceutical Precautions
Store below 25°C (77°F). Protect from light.
Packaging Quantities
Triprim 100 mg 100 tablets
Triprim 300 mg 50 tablets
Further Information
Trimethoprim may interfere with the estimation of serum/plasma creatinine when the alkaline picrate reaction is used. This may result in the overestimation of serum/plasma creatinine of the order of 10%. Functional inhibition of the renal tubular secretion of creatinine may produce a spurious fall in the estimated rate of creatinine clearance.
Trimethoprim does not induce its own metabolism and therefore no dose modification is required on this account during long-term treatment.
Trimethoprim interferes with assays for serum methotrexate when dihydrofolate reductase from Lactobacillus casei is used in the assay.
Plasma or serum levels of trimethoprim may be determined by gas liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.
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